pepper



Y 2 -Shets-f-Sheet Patented-Dec. 2o,1859.-V

PEPPER.

-Cook Stove.

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Patented Dee; 2051859;

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UNITED STATES PATENTOF oALvIN PEPPER, lor ALBANY, NEW YORK."

y HEATING APPARATUS;

Specification of LettersfPatent No.126,521, dated December ,l f i .To all'whom 'it may concern.' l i Be it known `that I, CALVIN PEPPER, of the city of Albany and State of, New York, have invented, made, and applied to use certain new and useful Improvements inyHeating or Calorimetry; and I hereby declare that the following is a full and exact description of the construction, combination,

and operation of the same, reference being had to the several drawingsaccompanying and making part of this application.,

The nature of my invention consists of such use of line silicioussand, as to make available its-superior radiating properties for'heating purposes so as to heat principally byradiation fromthe surface of ,the sand,` and for this purpose I usel fine wire `gauze screento retain the sand. {Sandrequires less heat to raise to a given temperature so as to make it available for heating purposes than other heating ,mediiuns in use, according to that law, of the differ-w ence of specific caloric or capacity of caloric or susceptibility of bodiesto caloric as vari-` ously termed by chemistry, by which `different bodies require unequal quantities of heat, to heat them equally, i

I find `from actual experiment, that I can raise a given weight of sand to a given temperature with five times less application of heat, than I can raise the same weight of iron to, the same temperatures `The sand is also a much better absorbentpof heat than metal,and as radiation and absorption, are in direct proportion, we hence get greater radiation from the sand, weight by weight than from metal. I have demonstrated by actual experiment, that ,the sandfwill radiate with five times Inore power, from equal areas of surface, than the iron, though the iron be black and rough. Sand too, as between its own particles, conducts heat much less than iron, according to the fact well` known to chemists, that as between the earths and the metals, the metals are by far the best conductors, and the feeblest radiators. It is owing to this feeble conducting power of sand, that it retains its heat longer than iron, notwithstanding its superior radiation for the sand as before stated requireslessapplication of caloric to give it its radiating temperature, what the radiation looses from feeble conduction, being more than compensated, by the diiference of `specific caloric. I have demonstratedi by experiment, that `if We take, equal iwleightsof sand; and iron, make thenrof thesame superfici extent, and heat them` to, the "same temper ture, that the sand will maintain `a `sensibl temperature `within, a givenranga folhea ing purposes, equivalenti,toithree,timesmth length `of time, theironjwillpmaintain The superior radiation ,of thesandqi i, 1 positive gain for heatingpurposes,ascom-ll pared with other l1eating,mediums,the sand65 still maintaining i its superiority in every1` J 1 other respect andthe valueofimy invention; consists in makinggsandthe principahkand) as far as possiloletheieXclusive,radiating` surface for heating `pur,po`sesandyfor"the` purposewof showing" myinew and nov method, of such application and "use of, sand, and to enable those ,skilled in `,1 such business` ,i `to. construct., the same `orf `other similar heating apparatus, I give theifollownglldescrip .i tion. 11pm@ "l Figure 1 of the drawing represents aprolel view of a kitchen sandcookistove, forth use of wood `or coal. The outer sides, ofth stove are` composed `of,"castpr sheetwiro plates. The innersides,LOffthefstove `as `a B Figs.,1, 3 anda,"consistprinoipallyno fine wire gauze screen, as made; lofironacop per, brass, &c., and are parallelgtoktheoutsid t, plate one inch apart,`;thespace between1th` plates being liledin `with finesilioious sandy the sand being used as` theiheating medium" and for radiation through; thewmesheso the screen into` the ginteridrioflxthe ,stove ,o oven. The sand I prefer such asused b stonepolishers in polishing stones,and to ,r be foundupon every seashore. ,The screen s w i f is used merely to retainthe sandgin its place,`` i without much interception ofgthe ra-diatingw,1` i rays, and `is in common usefor several purf i poses. The openingsz'of ,thIeVscrceenIzarefsoy,` i minute, as not to allow ,thelsandto ,passif through, and so numerous tothe square inchglz as to expose mostall the surface Ofthesandm r for radiating purposes.` Thewires lbeing yoflslf` ,1 such extreme` tenuity `of filament form,` `:tha

tion to thescreen surface., Practically, ther is no ,escape of` sand throughfthe mesheslofz p the screen, and the` screenitselfzmakesibutr little difference in the` sandradiation. i lVIetalg` plates minutely andrnurnerously, perforatedy i may be used,` and have been i used "by may r instead of the screen. The sand is not only in itself infusible, and indestructible by theY intensest heat unless some foreign substance be present that may act as a fluX, but such are its absorbing powers, that it is a perfect protection of the metal and screen in close contact with it, and as long as the contact is complete the screen cannot burn out. The screen and perforated metal are not my invention, but I was the first to use it for retaining sand, and at the same time preserving the sand radiation, and such use of screen, is an important part of my invention. The'thickness of the sand will vary according to the size of the stove and frequency and duration of the lire or heating process required, one inch in thickness being suflicient for all ordinary purposes and being more than equivalent for all heating purposes to solid metal of the same thickness. The drawings represent vertical partitions, separating the sand into columns, and each space is lled with sand through an'opening or small tube at the top. It

v,may be found sometimes practically convenient, to have horizontal as well as vertical partitions, to distribute the weight or pressure. The middle horizontalrdouble plate C Fig. 4, dividing the stove into the :fire chamber D and upper oven E Fig. 2,

has its upper side mostly of screen as seen at (c) Fig. 4, and the inch space between the two plates, is also filled with sand as seen at (s) Fig. 3, (s) representing sand in all the drawings. The double bottom of the stove also contains sand with screen upon the upper side. The doors of the stove are also lined with sand and screen. Thus almost the whole interior of the stove is lined with sand, kept in its place by gauze wire screen, the sand retaining the heat from escaping upward, and at the same time radiating its heat into the stove. The other parts of the stove have no peculiarities of construction, as parts of the invention and may be very briefly described. A fire is seen burning upon the wood re grate G Fig. 4C, the grate composed of horizontal bars (d, d) and coal when used for fuel, is

seen burning in the open coal grate fire potV F Fig. 2, extending from the oven E into the fire chamber D. The products of com bustion enter the pipe (a) Fig. t or a iue in the rearrof the ire chamber, and pass through the smoke or hot air passage (b) (b) between the double plate at the top of the stove, and escape through the chimney pipe (c) Fig. l.

Fig. 2 is a vertical section of the stove giving an end view looking into the stove, the sand filling the sides being seen at (s).

Fig. 3 is a vertical section giving an interior side view, the screen being removed Vsand at from one of the columns of sand, to show the Fig. 4 is a representation of the stove, with the top front and one of the sides removed.

Fig. 5 is the top plate of the stove and Fig. 6 the rear end.

It is evident that this kitchen sand cook stove may be converted into a parlor cook stove, for wood or coal, by having the screen or sand surface outside instead of inside so that the radiationV from the sand, will be into the room, instead of into the interior of the stove. di

The stove as above described may also be used with gas as fuel, in the manner of using gas and sand in combination for heating and illuminating purposes, as described in the patent to Calvin Pepper, dated December 14th 1858, but the same having been already secured to me by patent, I make no claim therefor in this application.

Fig. l Plate 2, is a profile view of a combination sand parlor cook stove for the use of woodL coal or gas. It is used with wood or coal as before described. The sand radiating surface is mostly into the room as shown in the drawing. The middle column of sand on each side of the stove, is covered with screen at the inside bottom part of that column only, as so much gas lire surface wit-hin the stove, Y and represented at H Fig.'2. v

Fig. 2 is a vertical section showing the interior of a longitudinal half of the stove. The sand is not full to the top of the middle column on the sides of the stove, a space being allowed between the top of that col- Y umn of sand and its upper covering into which the gas 'enters from the gas pipe (2') in Fig. 2, the pipe just entering this gas diifusing chamber and opening into it. The

pressure of gas from the gasometer, forces I the gas down Ythrough its column of sand, and the Agas having no other escape than through the screen at H, at the lower bot- Y ery of sheet metal, is another inside sheet lining parallel with the outside metal the two being one inch apart the concentric space between being filled with sand as at (s) Fig. 4. Vithin one quarter of an inch of the top, this remaining vacant space from the top of the sand being left as a receptacle for the gas, asit entersfrom.` the gas pipe.

The lower part` of the inner surface isoof.` screen, against which the sand rests, and through which the gas burns upon the screen surface; The air is` supplied to. theyfre Within the:` cylinder from an opening `.With a slide inthe bottom, and passes oft with the products of combustion through lateral openings `near the top of` the cylinder into the oven E Which it helps to heat, and hence through a flue in the topof the stove into the chimney pipe.

Fig. 3 is a vertical section of the stove showing the heater with the gas fire burning Within. i

Fig. 4 is a vertical section ofthe gas heater With a vessel for cooking on top of it.

Fig. 6', is a simple form of a `cylinder heater with a funnel or cone top, gas burn` ing Within it at the concave bottom part of the inner periphery and coal burning Within an open grate suspended Within the stove, either fire heating the sand Within the screen and With the door open, giving extensive radiating surface into the room as from an open fire place. It is obvious that many other forms of construction to the stove may be adopted. A simple cylinder or a rectangular stove for the use of sand and screen and the radiation as described to be used with any kind of fuel would be of itself a full application, of the entire principles ofmy invention. Such a rectangular stove for the use of wood is represented inthe drawing Fig. 7', the stove being surrounded externally` With screen surface, through which the sand radiates into the room, the inner plates being solid. The sand and screen may be placed around hot Water and steam tubes, the sand being made the radiating surface instead of the surface of the tubes, and I allege that such sand surface does not burn or desiccate the air coming in contact with it, to the same extent as hot air in contact With hot metal, and that it renders the temperature more equitable and uniform, and the air better adapted to the purposes of respiration. The sand from its absorbing powers, readily takes up the heat by contact With the metal, from such `currents of steam, passing through the tubes, or from the hot Water in the tubes, and radiates much better from its sand surface through the screen, than the tubes or conductors would radiate if exposed. Care must be taken that the `quantity of sand, should be in proportion to the caloric to be applied, and the heat required, and in general one half inch in thickness, should be the maximum to be placed around steam and hot 'Wa-ter tubes. I allege that I have applied the principles of my invention, to generating steam in steam boilers, but as some peculiarities of (construction area required, x malte noclaiin: therefor inthi al lication...

It will thus be: seen,` u that. 3 my invention consists substantial-ly inlthe usefofa of metal with. a parallel sheet; of Wir screen, the space; .betweeni beinvwfille ,i silicious` sand.: Inovens th screen` is` the -in teriorsurface. Infstovesfor heating the screen is the `exterior surface, .and `las used With tubes of` hot Water or steam, the g tu constitutes the plate ofl metahfandthe screen of Wireistheexternalsurface.

As the principle of `.my invention `is ex`` posed sand surface I make noclaim inthisl application for the use of` sand when inclosed f fi in metal or other solid fcasingg "and as de-z` scribed in the application ofkl".Miller,for`` patent rejected Decemberl3rd1847, and as l describedV in `the Patent of Samuel Whitf` marsh No. 9206.issued August 17th"1852 and as described in the patent of James Eas-` terly dated Aprillth `1858, but I `allegefand reserve my rights `therefor. for separate ap-f:` plication, that I Wastheiirst to use sandenf tirely inclosed in metal `for heating apartf*` ments, vand as distinguished from `merely retaining the heat. `LAS extent of radiating .y surface and quantityor radiation, arefconf ditions ofmy invention, I make nojclaim for" the use of sand, Whenused prncipallygfor` heat-ing or keeping 1hot enviarm, bodies andy` substances immersed in it,\as.in sandgbaths,` i l and used by chemistsin theirllaboratoriesor n When heated for the Warmth` ofthe soil, the Warmth or growth of vegetation, when used principally to `heat byactual co y tact or close proximity,as insand bagsandl portable foot stovesorstools. f y As `the utility kof `myinvention depends" upon the properties ofysilicious sand` the i purity and percentage ofthe silica, and its w granulated or comminuted state, lI donot.` ,claim the use of sand Whenits grainsor par ticles are in a state of aggregation as in sand stone, soap stone, pumice stone, quartz rock`, y flint, pebble stones, or other solid massivekor .i fragmentary state; nor do `I claimthe useof i y argilacious or calcareous earth, lof clay lime gypsum plaster of ;paris,lcharcoal dust,1oi" other earthy or comminuted substance, otherl i, than silicious sand, `though usednot only for l their nonconducting properties,` but` `also for: radiation of heat.` c i i 111` f `1 I allege thatthe use ofysand as herein de scribed as my inventiom `simplifies `facili-f i tates and cheapensthe production and *use Q of heatfor the purposes: stated;` produces new and valuable `heating effects over` any: i. stove Without theuse of sand, or withfsand f j as used and applied "by zotherpersonskfor i heatingpurposes; and that the utility and f f mercantile Value of heating apparatus` are l thereby increased. J

VWhat I claim as my invention, and desire radiation through its meshes, and the sand to secure by Letters Patent, is

The use of fine silicious sand for radiating heat according to the application thereof substantially as described,V the radiation being principally from the sand, and the rad-iation from the sand coming from between the meshes of the ine Wire gauze screen, or the openings of minutely perforated metal, or other solid substance, the metallic gauze or perforated metal being used for the pur-V pose of retaining the sand While admitting being heated'by fuel or Wood, coal, gas, burning fluid or other fuel7 or from hot 15 metal, hot air, hot Water or steam7 in stoves, tubes, conductors or other heating apparatus substantially as described and subject to the disclaimers and exceptions as before stated.

CALVIN PEPPER. 

